ScalaTest At A Glance

FlatSpec is a good first step for teams wishing to move from xUnit to BDD. Its structure is flat like xUnit, so simple and familiar, but the test names must be written in a specification style: "X should Y," "A must B," etc.

import org.scalatest._
import flatspec._

class SetSpec extends AnyFlatSpec {
  override def withFixture(test: NoArgTest) = { // Define a shared fixture
    // Shared setup (run at beginning of each test)
    try test()
    finally {
      // Shared cleanup (run at end of each test)
    }
  }
  // Define the first test for a subject, in this case: "An empty Set"
  "An empty Set" should "have size 0" in { // Name the subject, write 'should', then the rest of the test name
    assert(Set.empty.size == 0)            // (Can use 'must' or 'can' instead of 'should')
  }
  it should "produce NoSuchElementException when head is invoked" in { // Define another test for the same
    intercept[NoSuchElementException] {                                // subject with 'it'
      Set.empty.head
    }
  }
  ignore should "be empty" in { // To ignore a test, change 'it' to 'ignore'...
    assert(Set.empty.isEmpty)
  }
  it should "not be non-empty" ignore { // ...or change 'in' to 'ignore'
    assert(!Set.empty.nonEmpty)
  }
  "A non-empty Set" should "have the correct size" in { // Describe another subject
    assert(Set(1, 2, 3).size == 3)
  }
  // 'it' now refers to 'A non-empty Set'
  it should "return a contained value when head is invoked" is (pending) // Define a pending test
  import tagobjects.Slow
  it should "be non-empty" taggedAs(Slow) in { // Tag a test
    assert(Set(1, 2, 3).nonEmpty)
  }
}

// Can also pass fixtures into tests with FixtureAnyFlatSpec
class StringSpec extends FixtureAnyFlatSpec {
  type FixtureParam = String // Define the type of the passed fixture object
  override def withFixture(test: OneArgTest) = {
    // Shared setup (run before each test), including...
    val fixture = "a fixture object" // ...creating a fixture object
    try test(fixture) // Pass the fixture into the test
    finally {
      // Shared cleanup (run at end of each test)
    }
  }
  "The passed fixture" can "be used in the test" in { s => // Fixture passed in as s
    assert(s == "a fixture object")
  }
}

@DoNotDiscover // Disable discovery of a test class
class InvisibleSpec extends AnyFlatSpec { /*code omitted*/ }

@Ignore // Ignore all tests in a test class
class IgnoredSpec extends AnyFlatSpec { /*code omitted*/ }

import tags.Slow
@Slow // Mark all tests in a test class with a tag
class SlowSpec extends AnyFlatSpec { /*code omitted*/ }

import org.scalatest._
import Assertions._

val (a, b, c, d) = (1, 2, 3, 4)

assert(a == b || c >= d) // Error message: 1 did not equal 2, and 3 was not greater than or equal to 4

assertResult(2) { c + d } // Error message: Expected 2, but got 7

intercept[IllegalArgumentException] { // Error message: Expected exception java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
  c / 0                               // to be thrown, but java.lang.ArithmeticException was thrown.
}

fail("I've got a bad feeling about this") // Error message: I've got a bad feeling about this

// Succeeds if doesn't compile because of type or syntax error
assertDoesNotCompile("val a: Int = 1") // Error message: Expected a compiler error, but got none for code:
                                       // val a: Int = 1

// Succeeds only if a type error
assertTypeError("val a: Int = 1") // Error message: Expected a type error, but got none for code:
                                  // val a: Int = 1

// Succeeds only if no type or syntax error
assertCompiles("_") // Error message: Expected no compiler error, but got the following parse error:
                    // "unbound placeholder parameter", for code: _

// Tests that can't run because of missing preconditions should be canceled
cancel("Network was down") // Error message: Network was down

// Tests can also be canceled with assume
case class Database(available: Boolean)
val db = Database(false)
assume(db.available) // Error message: db.available was false

// You can add clues to error messages
assert(a == b, ", but you already knew that") // Error message: 1 did not equal 2, but you already knew that

assertResult(2, ", what a bummer!") { a + b } // Error message: Expected 2, but got 3, what a bummer!

assume(db.available, "yet again") // Error message: db.available was false yet again

withClue("prepended clue") { // Error message: prepended clue 1 did not equal 2
  assert(a == b)
}

import AppendedClues._
assert(a == b) withClue "appended clue" // Error message: 1 did not equal 2 appended clue

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
def incr(i: Int) = i + 1
val result = incr(2)
result should equal (3) // By default, calls left == right, except for arrays
result should be (3)    // Calls left == right, except for arrays
result should === (3)   // By default, calls left == right, except for arrays

Array(1, 2) should equal (Array(1, 2)) // Arrays are compared structurally,
Array(1, 2) should be (Array(1, 2))    // by calling left.deep == right.deep
Array(1, 2) should === (Array(1, 2))

result shouldEqual 3 // Alternate forms for equal and be
result shouldBe 3    // that don't require parentheses

// The === syntax can give you a type error for suspicious equality comparisons
import org.scalactic._
import TypeCheckedTripleEquals._
result should === ("three") // Fails to compile with error message: types String and Int
                            // do not adhere to the type constraint selected for the === and
                            // !== operators; the missing implicit parameter is of type
                            // org.scalactic.Constraint[String,Int]
                            //      greeting should === (3)
                            //               ^

// The equal matcher and === syntax compare with an implicit Equality[L],
// where L is the left hand type (i.e., the type of greeting below)
val greeting = "Hi"
greeting should equal ("hi") // Both fail with error message: "[H]i" did not equal "[h]i"
greeting should === ("hi")

import org.scalactic._ // Can provide a custom Equality[L] explicitly
import Explicitly._
import StringNormalizations._
greeting should equal ("hi") (after being lowerCased) // Both succeed, because 'after being lowercased'
(greeting should === ("hi")) (after being lowerCased) // defines an Equality[String] that ignores case

implicit val strEq = lowerCased.toEquality // Can provide a custom Equality[L] implicitly
greeting should equal ("hi")               // Succeeds because equal the implicit Equality[String]
greeting should === ("hi")                 // (defined as strEq) that ignores case

greeting should not equal "bye"            // equal and be are negated with not
greeting should not be "such sweet sorrow"
greeting should !== ("ho")                 // === is negated as !==

val list = List(1, 2, 3)              // Ensure two objects have the same identity
val ref1 = list
val ref2 = list
ref1 should be theSameInstanceAs ref2 // Calls left eq right

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
class Tiger
val tiger = new Tiger
tiger shouldBe a [Tiger]       // Ensure an object is an instance of a specified class or trait

val tigerList = List(tiger)    // Because type parameters are erased on the JVM, you must use
tigerList shouldBe a [List[_]] // an underscore for any type parameters when using this syntax

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
val s = "hai"
an [IndexOutOfBoundsException] should be thrownBy {     // Ensure a particular exception type is thrown
  s.charAt(-1)
}
val caught = the [IndexOutOfBoundsException] thrownBy { // Capturing an expected exception in a variable
  s.charAt(-1)
}
the [IndexOutOfBoundsException] thrownBy {              // Inspecting an expected exception
  s.charAt(-1)
} should have message ("String index out of range: -1")

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
val result = "hai"

result should have length 3 // Works for any type T for which an implicit Length[T] is available, including String,
                            // Array, scala.collection.GenSeq, java.util.List, and any object with length field or
                            // method or getLength method; the length value can be Int or Long.

result should have size 3   // Works for any type T for which an implicit Size[T] is available, including String, Array,
                            // scala.collection.GenTraversable, java.util.Collection, java.util.Map, and any object with
                            // size field or method or getSize method; the size value can be Int or Long.

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
val string = "Hello World"
string should startWith ("Hello")               // starts with the given substring

string should endWith ("world")                 // ends with the given substring

string should include ("seven")                 // includes the given substring

string should startWith regex "Hel*o"           // starts with a substring matching the regular expression
string should startWith regex "Hel*o".r         // (works with String or Regex)

string should endWith regex "wo.ld".r           // ends with a substring matching the regular expression

string should include regex "wo.ld".r           // includes substring matching regular expression

val re = """(-)?(\d+)(\.\d*)?""".r
string should fullyMatch regex re               // includes substring matching regular expression

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
val one = 1
one should be < 7                               // works for any T when an implicit Ordered[T] exists
one should be <= 7
one should be >= 0

val num = 8
num should (be >= 1 and be <= 10)               // one way to ensure a value is within a range or tolerance.

val seven = 7
seven should be (6 +- 2)                        // another way to verify a range
7.0 should be (6.9 +- 0.2)                      // works for both integral and floating point types

import org.scalatest.Matchers._                 // access a boolean property dynamically (via reflection)

Set(1, 2, 3) should be ('nonEmpty)              // will also match isNonEmpty

import java.io.File
val temp = new File("aFile.txt")
temp should be a ('file)                        // can use an optional 'a' or 'an'

import java.awt._
import event.KeyEvent
val canvas = new Canvas
val keyEvent = new KeyEvent(canvas, 0, 0, 0, 0, '0')
keyEvent should be an ('actionKey)

import org.scalatest._

class FileBePropertyMatcher extends             // For static checking, a BePropertyMatcher can be defined.
    BePropertyMatcher[java.io.File] {
  def apply(left: File) =
    BePropertyMatchResult(left.isFile, "file")
}
val file = new FileBePropertyMatcher
val temp = new File("aFile.txt")
temp should be a file

import org.scalatest._                          // To place an arbitrary token after be, use a BeMatcher.
import Matchers._
import matchers._
class OddMatcher extends BeMatcher[Int] {
  def apply(left: Int) =
    MatchResult(
      left % 2 == 1,
      left.toString + " was even",
      left.toString + " was odd"
    )
}
val odd = new OddMatcher
7 should be (odd)

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
case class Book(title: String, author: String, pubYear: Int)
val book = Book("A Book", "Sally", 2008)

book should have (                                 // check arbitrary properties dynamically (via reflection)
  'title ("A Book"),                               // see HavePropertyMatcherGenerator
  'author ("Sally"),
  'pubYear (2008)
)

import org.scalatest._                             // check arbitrary properties statically with HavePropertyMatchers
import Matchers._
import matchers._
case class Book(title: String, author: String)
def title(expectedValue: String) = new HavePropertyMatcher[Book, String] {
  def apply(book: Book) = HavePropertyMatchResult(
    book.title == expectedValue,
    "title",
    expectedValue,
    book.title
  )
}
def author(expectedValue: String) = new HavePropertyMatcher[Book, String] {
  def apply(book: Book) = HavePropertyMatchResult(
    book.author == expectedValue,
    "author",
    expectedValue,
    book.author
  )
}
val book = Book("A Book", "Sally")
book should have (
  title ("A Book"),
  author ("Sally")
)

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
List.empty[Int] should be (empty)                         // various ways of checking whether a collection is empty 
List.empty[Int] should be (Nil)
Map.empty[Int, String] should be (Map())
Set.empty[Int] should be (Set.empty)

Set(1, 2, 3) should have size (3)                         // check the size of a collection 
Set(1, 2, 3) should have size (3)
List(1, 2, 3) should have length (3)

Set("three", "five", "seven") should contain ("five")     // check whether a traversable contains an element

val map = Map(1 -> "one", 2 -> "two", 3 -> "three")
map should contain key (1)                                // check whether a map contains a particular key or value
should contain value ("two")

import PartialFunctionValues._                                      // check both that a map is defined at a key as
Map("I" -> 1, "II" -> 2, "III" -> 3).valueAt("II") should equal (2) // well as something about its value

import java.util._
val javaCol = new ArrayList[Int]
javaCol should be (empty)                                 // Check if a java.util.Collection is empty


val javaMap = new java.util.HashMap[Int, String]
javaMap.put(1, "one")
javaMap.put(2, "two")
javaMap.put(3, "three")
javaMap should have size (3)                              // check the size of a java.util.Map

val javaList = new ArrayList[Int]
javaList.add(1)
javaList.add(2)
javaList.add(3)
javaList should have length (3)                           // check the length of a java.util.List

val javaCol = new HashSet[String]
javaCol.add("three")
javaCol.add("five")
javaCol.add("seven")                                      // Check whether a java.util.Collection contains a
javaCol should contain ("five")                           // particular element

val javaMap = new HashMap[Int, String]
javaMap.put(1, "one")
javaMap.put(2, "two")
javaMap.put(3, "three")
javaMap should contain key (1)                            // Check whether a java.util.Map contains a particular key

val javaMap = new HashMap[Int, String]
javaMap.put(1, "Hi")
javaMap.put(2, "Howdy")
javaMap.put(3, "Hai")
javaMap should contain value ("Howdy")                    // Check whether a java.util.Map contains a particular value

import org.scalatest.Matchers._

val option = Some(1)
option should be (Some(1))                                // Check whether an Option contains a certain value

val option = Some(1)
option shouldBe defined                                   // Check whether an Option is defined

val option = Some(1)
option shouldBe empty                                     // Check whether an Option is empty

val option = None
option should be (None)                                   // Another way to check whether an Option is empty

val either = Left(1)
either should be ('left)                                  // Check whether an Either is a Left

val either = Left(1)
either should be (Left(1))                                // Check whether an Either is Left with a certain value

val either = Right(1)
either should be ('right)                                 // Check whether an Either is a Right

val either = Right(1)
either should be (Right(1))                               // Check whether an Either is Right with a certain value

import org.scalatest.EitherValues._
val either = Right(3)                                     // Check both that an Either is defined as well as something
either.right.value should be < 7                          // about its value

import org.scalatest.Matchers._

List.empty shouldBe empty                                 // Check if a List (and any GenTraversable) is empty

None shouldBe empty                                       // Check if an Option is empty

"" shouldBe empty                                         // Check if a String is empty

new java.util.HashMap[Int, Int] shouldBe empty            // Check if a java.util.Map is empty

new { def isEmpty = true } shouldBe empty                 // Check if a structural type is empty

Array.empty shouldBe empty                                // Check if an Array is empty

import org.scalatest.Matchers._

List(1, 2, 3) should contain (2)                            // Check if a List (or any GenTraversable) contains the
                                                            // specified element
Map('a' -> 1, 'b' -> 2, 'c' -> 3) should contain ('b' -> 2) // Check if a Map contains the specified mapping

Set(1, 2, 3) should contain (2)                             // Check if various collections contain a specified element

Array(1, 2, 3) should contain (2)

"123" should contain ('2')

Some(2) should contain (2)

import org.scalactic.Explicitly._                          // Using StringNormalizations explicitly
import org.scalactic.StringNormalizations._
(List("Hi", "Di", "Ho") should contain ("ho")) (after being lowerCased)

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
List(1, 2, 3) should contain atLeastOneOf (2, 3, 4)  // Check if a List (or any GenTraversable) contains at least one of
                                                     // the specified elements

Array(1, 2, 3) should contain atLeastOneOf (3, 4, 5) // Check if an Array contains at least one of the specified
                                                     // elements

"abc" should contain atLeastOneOf ('c', 'a', 't')    // Check if a String contains at least one of the specified
                                                     // characters

import org.scalactic.Explicitly._                       // Using StringNormalizations explicitly
import org.scalactic.StringNormalizations._
(Vector(" A", "B ") should contain atLeastOneOf ("a ", "b", "c")) (after being lowerCased and trimmed)

List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) should contain atMostOneOf (5, 6, 7) // Check if a List (or any GenTraversable) contains at most
                                                         // one of the specified element

List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) should contain allOf (2, 3, 5)       // Check if a List (or any GenTraversable) contains all of
                                                         // the specified elements

List(1, 2, 3, 2, 1) should contain only (1, 2, 3)        // Check if a List (or any GenTraversable) contains only the
                                                         // specified elements

val expected = Vector(3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)                          // Check if a List (or any GenTraversable) contains
List(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3) should contain theSameElementsAs expected // only the same elements as the specified Vector
                                                                 // (or any GenTraversable)

import org.scalatest.Matchers._                                       // Check if a List (or any GenTraversable)
List(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3) should contain inOrderOnly (1, 2, 3)           // contains only the specified elements in same
                                                                      // order
                                                                      
Array(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3) should contain inOrderOnly (1, 2, 3)          // Check if an Array contains only the specified
                                                                      // elements in same order

"122333" should contain inOrderOnly ('1', '2', '3')                   // Check if a String contains only the specified
                                                                      // characters in same order

List(0, 1, 2, 2, 99, 3, 3, 3, 5) should contain inOrder (1, 2, 3)     // Check if a List (or any GenTraversable)
                                                                      // contains the specified elements in same order

List(1, 2, 3) should contain theSameElementsInOrderAs Vector(1, 2, 3) // Check if a List (or any GenTraversable)
                                                                      // contains the same elements in same order as the
                                                                      // specified Vector (or any GenTraversable)

import org.scalatest.Matchers._// Use toStream to convert Iterator to Stream to work with contain
val it = List(1, 2, 3).iterator
it.toStream should contain (2)

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
import java.io.File
val javaHomeDir = new File(System.getProperty("java.home"))

javaHomeDir should exist                                     // Check if a directory exists 

val javaHomeLicenseFile = javaHomeDir +
  System.getProperty("file.separator") + "LICENSE")

javaHomeLicenseFile should exist                             // Check if a file exists 

javaHomeLicenseFile shouldBe readable                        // Check if a file is readable 

javaHomeLicenseFile shouldBe writable                        // Check if a file is writable 

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
val xs = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

all (xs) should be < 10                                  // check that all elements in xs are less than 10

atMost (2, xs) should be >= 4                            // check that at most 2 elements in xs are greater than or
                                                         // equal to 4

atLeast (3, xs) should be < 5                            // check that at least 3 elements in xs are lesser than 5

between (2, 3, xs) should (be > 1 and be < 5)            // check that 2 to 3 elements in xs are greater than 5 and less
                                                         // than 5

exactly (2, xs) should be <= 2                           // check that 2 elements in xs are less than or equal to 2

every (xs) should be < 10                                // check that all elements in xs are less than 10

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
val result = 8
result should (be > 0 and be < 10)                         // You can and matcher expressions together

val map = Map("hi" -> "HI", "hei" -> "HEI", "he" -> "HE")
map should (contain key ("hi") or contain key ("ho"))      // You can or matcher expressions together

val result = "Hello Word"                                  // You can negate a matcher expression
result should not be (null)

val map = Map("one" -> 1, "two" -> 2, "three" -> 3)
map should (contain key ("two") and not contain value (7)) // Another example of negation

import org.scalatest.Matchers._
import java.awt._
import event.KeyEvent

val canvas = new Canvas                                      // You can check boolean properties dynamically with be and
val keyEvent = new KeyEvent(canvas, 0, 0, 0, 0, '0')         // a Symbol (the tick mark syntax). For statically typed
keyEvent should be an ('actionKey)                           // approach, use a BePropertyMatcher or BeMatcher.

case class Book(title: String, author: String)               // You can check arbitrary properties dynamically with have
val book = Book("A Tale of Two Cities", "Sally")             // and a Symbol (the tick mark syntax). For a statically
book should have ('title("A Tale of Two Cities"))            // typed approach, use a HavePropertyMatchers.

val defined = 'defined                                       // One way to get rid of the tick mark for a dynamic
Some("hi") should be (defined)                               // property check


val beDefined = be ('defined)                                // One way to get rid of the tick mark and a pair of
Some("hi") should beDefined                                  // parentheses

val beWithinTolerance = be >= 0 and be <= 10                 // You can combine matchers with and, or, and not
8 should beWithinTolerance

import matchers._                                            // You can compose a matcher with a function that
val beOdd = Matcher((i: Int) =>                              // transforms the input type
  MatchResult(
    i % 2 != 0,
    i + " is not odd",
    i + " is odd"))

val beOddAsInt = beOdd compose { (s: String) => s.toInt }
"3" should beOddAsInt

import java.io.File                                           // You can also use matcher composition to create a new
def endWithExtension(ext: String) =                           // matcher given a parameter
endWith(ext) compose { (f: File) => f.getPath }
new File("output.txt") should endWithExtension("txt")

val beOdd =  Matcher { (left: Int) =>                         // You can use a factory method to define a custom matcher
  MatchResult(                                                // (such factory methods also exist for BeMatcher,
    left % 2 == 1,                                            // BePropertyMatcher, and HavePropertyMatcher
    left + " was not odd",
    left + " was odd")
  }
3 should beOdd

val beOdd = new Matcher[Int] {                                // Or you can write a full-blown matcher.
  def apply(left: Int) = MatchResult(
    left % 2 == 1,
    left + " was not odd",
    left + " was odd")
}
3 should beOdd

import org.scalatest._
import selenium._
class BlogSpec extends FlatSpec with WebBrowser with HtmlUnit {
  val host = "http://localhost:9000/"
  "The blog app home page" should "have the correct title" in {
    go to (host + "index.html")
    pageTitle should be ("Awesome Blog")
  }
}

go to "http://www.scalatest.org"                              // Go to ScalaTest website

pageTitle should be ("ScalaTest")                             // Check page title

click on "q"                                                  // Click on element which has attribute id or name = "q"

click on id("q")                                              // Click on element which has attribute id = "q"

click on name("name")                                         // Click on element which has attribute name = "q"

click on tagName("input")                                     // Click on element which is an 'input' tag

click on className("quickref")                                // Click on element which has the CSS class 'quickref' tag

cssSelector("a[id='aLink']").element.tagName should be ("a")  // Check a element's tag name, selected by using CSS
                                                              // selector

linkText("Click Me!").element.tagName should be ("a")         // Check a element's tag name, selected by using the link
                                                              // text

partialLinkText("Click").element.tagName should be ("a")      // Check a element's tag name, selected by using the
                                                              // partial link text

enter("Cheese!")                                              // Enter "Cheese!" into currently selected text element

submit()                                                      // Submit form

textField("q").value = "Cheese!"                              // Set text field (which has attribute id or name = "q")
                                                              // to "Cheese!"

textField("q").value should be ("Cheese!")                    // Read and check a text field (which has attribute id or
                                                              // name = "q") value

radioButtonGroup("group1").value = "Option 2"                 // Set radio button group (which has group name = "group1")
// or                                                         // to choose "Option 2"
radioButtonGroup("group1").selection = Some("Option 2")


radioButtonGroup("group1").value should be ("Option 2")       // Read and check radio button group (which has group
// or                                                         // name = "group1") chosen value
radioButtonGroup("group1").selection should be (Some("Option 2"))

click on radioButton("opt1")                                  // Click on a radio button (which has attribute id or
                                                              // name = "opt1")

radioButton("opt1").isSelected should be (true)               // Check if a radio button (which has attribute id or
                                                              // name = "opt1") is selected

checkbox("cbx1").select()                                     // Select a check box (which has attribute id or name =
                                                              // "cbx1")

checkbox("cbx1").clear()                                      // Clear a check box (which has attribute id or name =
                                                              // "cbx1")

checkbox("cbx1").isSelected should be (true)                  // Check if a check box (which has attribute id or name =
                                                              // "cbx1") is selected

singleSel("select1").value = "option2"                        // Set a single-selection dropdown list (which has
// or                                                         // attribute id or name = "select1") to choose "option2"
singleSel("select1").selection = Some("option2")


singleSel("select1").clear()                                  // Clear the selection of a single-selection dropdown list
// or                                                         // (which has attribute id or name = "select1")
singleSel("select1").selection = None

singleSel("select1").value should be ("option2")              // Read and check currently selected value of a
// or                                                         // single-selection dropdown list (which has attribute id
singleSel("select1").selection should be (Some("option2"))    // or name = "select1")

multiSel("select2").values = Seq("option5", "option6")        // Set the selection of a multi-selection list (which has
                                                              // attribute id or name = "select2")

multiSel("select2").values += "option3"                       // Select "option3" in addition to current selection of a
                                                              // multi-selection list (which has attribute id or name =
                                                              // "select2")

multiSel("select2").clear("option5")                          // Clear "option5" from current selection of a
                                                              // multi-selection list (which has attribute id or name =
                                                              // "select2")

multiSel("select2").clearAll()                                // Clear all selection of a multi-selection list (which
                                                              // has attribute id or name = "select2")

multiSel("select2").values should have size 2                 // Read and check currently selected values of a
multiSel("select2").values(0) should be ("option5")           // multi-selection list (which has attribute id or name =
multiSel("select2").values(1) should be ("option6")           // "select2")

goBack()                                                      // Go back to previous page in history

goForward()                                                   // Go forward to next page in history

reloadPage()                                                  // Reload the current page

add cookie ("name1", "value1")                                // Add new cookie with name = "name1" and value = "value1"

cookie("name1").value should be ("value1")                    // Read and check a cookie's value

delete cookie "name1"                                         // Delete cookie "name1

delete all cookies                                            // Delete all cookies under the same domain.


capture to "MyScreenShot"                                     // Capture the screen and save as "MyScreenShot.png"

setCaptureDir("/home/your_name/screenshots")                  // Set the directory to save captured pictures.

withScreenshot {                                              // Auto capture screen when something goes wrong (e.g.
assert("Gold" == "Silver", "Expected gold, but got silver")   // test failed)
}

close()                                                       // Close current browser window

quit()                                                        // Close all windows and exit the driver

import org.scalatest._                                                        // eventually retries the block until it
import concurrent.Eventually._                                                // no longer throws an exception, using a
import Matchers._                                                             // timeout and interval taken from an
                                                                              // implicit PatienceConfig. The default
                                                                              // PatienceConfig is 150 milliseconds
                                                                              // timeout and 15 milliseconds interval.
                                                                              // If you import IntegrationPatience,
                                                                              // you'll get a 15 second timeout and 150
                                                                              // milliseconds interval. If you want
                                                                              // something else, you can define your own
                                                                              // implicit PatienceConfig like the next
                                                                              // example.

val it = Vector("sad", "happy").iterator
eventually { it.next shouldBe "happy" }

import org.scalatest.time.SpanSugar._                                         // Define custom implicit PatienceConfig
implicit val patienceConfig =
PatienceConfig(timeout = scaled(2 seconds), interval = scaled(5 millis))

import org.scalatest.time._                                                   // Use eventually with explicit timeout
eventually (timeout(Span(5, Seconds))) { /*code omitted*/ }

eventually (timeout(5 seconds), interval(5 millis)) { /*code omitted*/ }      // Use eventually with explicit timeout
                                                                              // and interval

import org.scalatest._
import Matchers._
import Inspectors._

forAll(List(1, 2, 3)) { _ should be > 0 }                     // Check that every element passes the assertion block

forAtLeast(1, List(1, 2, 3)) { _ should be > 2 }              // Check that at least the specified number of elements
                                                              // pass the assertion block

forAtMost(2, List(1, 2, 3)) { _ should be > 1 }               // Check that at most the specified number of elements pass
                                                              // the assertion block

forBetween(2, 4, List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) { _ should be > 2 }     // Check that the specified minimum and maximum number of
                                                              // elements (inclusive) pass the assertion block

forEvery(List(1, 2, 3)) { _ should be > 0 }                   // Check that every element passes the assertion block,
                                                              // listing all failing elements on failure (whereas forAll
                                                              // just reports the first failing element)

forExactly(2, List(1, 2, 3)) { _ should be > 1 }              // Check that the exact specified number of elements pass
                                                              // the assertion block

import org.scalatest._                                        // Use loneElement to check that the Set (or any
import Matchers._                                             // GenTraversable) contains single element, and that
import LoneElement._                                          // element is greater than or equal to 10.  If the
                                                              // GenTraversable does not contain single element,
Set(18).loneElement should be >= 10                           // TestFailedException will be thrown.

import org.scalatest._
import Matchers._
import Inside._                                               // Checking nested object graph using Inside

case class Name(first: String, middle: String, last: String)

case class Record(name: Name, age: Int)
val rec =
  Record(
    Name("Sally", "Anna", "Jones"),
    38
  )

inside (rec) { case Record(name, age) =>
  inside (name) { case Name(first, middle, last) =>
    first should be ("Sally")
  }
}

import org.scalatest._
import OptionValues._
val anOption = Some(18)                        // Use OptionValues to check Option's value, using assert
assert(anOption.value > 9)

import Matchers._
val anOption = Some(18)                        // Use OptionValues to check Option's value, using Matchers syntax
anOption.value should be > 9

import org.scalatest._
import EitherValues._

val either1: Either[String, Int] = Right(16)                         // Use EitherValues to check left and right value
assert(either1.right.value > 9)                                      // of an Either, using assert
val either2: Either[String, Int] = Left("Muchas problemas")
assert(either2.left.value == "Muchas problemas")

import Matchers._
val either1: Either[String, Int] = Right(16)                         // Use EitherValues to check left and right value
either1.right.value should be > 9                                    // of an Either, using Matchers syntax
val either2: Either[String, Int] = Left("Muchas problemas")
either2.left.value should be ("Muchas problemas")

import org.scalatest._
import PartialFunctionValues._
val map = Map("one" -> 1, "two" -> 2, "three" -> 3)                  // Use PartialFunctionValues to check value of a
assert(map.valueAt("two") == 2)                                      // PartialFunction, using assert

import Matchers._
val map = Map("one" -> 1, "two" -> 2, "three" -> 3)                  // Use PartialFunctionValues to check value of a
map.valueAt("two") should equal (2)                                  // PartialFunction, using Matchers syntax

import org.scalatest.PrivateMethodTester._

class TaxCalculator {                                                // Use PrivateMethodTester to invoke a private
  private def calc(amount: Double, percentage: Double): Double =     // method for testing purpose
    amount * percentage / 100.00
  def calculateTax(amount: Double): Double =
    calc(amount, 5.00)
}
val calculator = new TaxCalculator
val calcMethod = PrivateMethod[Double]('calc)
calculator invokePrivate calcMethod(1000.00, 8.88)