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•  package selenium

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  scalatestplus

•  trait WebBrowser extends AnyRef

  Trait that provides a domain specific language (DSL) for writing browser-based tests using Selenium.

  Trait that provides a domain specific language (DSL) for writing browser-based tests using Selenium.

  To use ScalaTest's Selenium DSL, mix trait WebBrowser into your test class. This trait provides the DSL in its entirety except for one missing piece: an implicit org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver. One way to provide the missing implicit driver is to declare one as a member of your test class, like this:

  import org.scalatest._
  import selenium._
  import org.openqa.selenium._
  import htmlunit._
  
  class BlogSpec extends FlatSpec with Matchers with WebBrowser {
  
    implicit val webDriver: WebDriver = new HtmlUnitDriver
  
    val host = "http://localhost:9000/"
  
    "The blog app home page" should "have the correct title" in {
      go to (host + "index.html")
      pageTitle should be ("Awesome Blog")
    }
  }
  

  For convenience, however, ScalaTest provides a WebBrowser subtrait containing an implicit WebDriver for each driver provided by Selenium. Thus a simpler way to use the HtmlUnit driver, for example, is to extend ScalaTest's HtmlUnit trait, like this:

  import org.scalatest._
  import selenium._
  
  class BlogSpec extends FlatSpec with Matchers with HtmlUnit {
  
    val host = "http://localhost:9000/"
  
    "The blog app home page" should "have the correct title" in {
      go to (host + "index.html")
      pageTitle should be ("Awesome Blog")
    }
  }
  

  The web driver traits provided by ScalaTest are:

  Driver	WebBrowser subtrait
  Google Chrome	Chrome
  Mozilla Firefox	Firefox
  HtmlUnit	HtmlUnit
  Microsoft Internet Explorer	InternetExplorer
  Apple Safari	Safari

  Navigation

  You can ask the browser to retrieve a page (go to a URL) like this:

  go to "http://www.artima.com"
  

  Note: If you are using the page object pattern, you can also go to a page using the Page instance, as illustrated in the section on page objects below.

  Once you have retrieved a page, you can fill in and submit forms, query for the values of page elements, and make assertions. In the following example, selenium will go to http://www.google.com, fill in the text box with Cheese!, press the submit button, and wait for result returned from an AJAX call:

  go to "http://www.google.com"
  click on "q"
  enter("Cheese!")
  submit()
  // Google's search is rendered dynamically with JavaScript.
  eventually { pageTitle should be ("Cheese! - Google Search") }
  

  In the above example, the "q" used in “click on "q"” can be either the id or name of an element. ScalaTest's Selenium DSL will try to lookup by id first. If it cannot find any element with an id equal to "q", it will then try lookup by name "q".

  Alternatively, you can be more specific:

  click on id("q")   // to lookup by id "q" 
  click on name("q") // to lookup by name "q" 
  

  In addition to id and name, you can use the following approaches to lookup elements, just as you can do with Selenium's org.openqa.selenium.By class:

  • xpath
  • className
  • cssSelector
  • linkText
  • partialLinkText
  • tagName

  For example, you can select by link text with:

  click on linkText("click here!")
  

  If an element is not found via any form of lookup, evaluation will complete abruptly with a TestFailedException.

  Getting and setting input element values

  ScalaTest's Selenium DSL provides a clear, simple syntax for accessing and updating the values of input elements such as text fields, radio buttons, checkboxes, selection lists, and the input types introduced in HTML5. If a requested element is not found, or if it is found but is not of the requested type, an exception will immediately result causing the test to fail.

  The most common way to access field value is through the value property, which is supported by the following input types:

  Tag Name	Input Type	Lookup Method
  input	text	textField
  textarea	-	textArea
  input	password	pwdField
  input	email	emailField
  input	color	colorField
  input	date	dateField
  input	datetime	dateTimeField
  input	datetime-local	dateTimeLocalField
  input	month	monthField
  input	number	numberField
  input	range	rangeField
  input	search	searchField
  input	tel	telField
  input	time	timeField
  input	url	urlField
  input	week	weekField

  You can change a input field's value by assigning it via the = operator, like this:

  textField("q").value = "Cheese!"
  

  And you can access a input field's value by simply invoking value on it:

  textField("q").value should be ("Cheese!")
  

  If the text field is empty, value will return an empty string ("").

  You can use the same syntax with other type of input fields by replacing textField with Lookup Method listed in table above, for example to use text area:

  textArea("body").value = "I saw something cool today!"
  textArea("body").value should be ("I saw something cool today!")
  

  or with a password field:

  pwdField("secret").value = "Don't tell anybody!"
  pwdField("secret").value should be ("Don't tell anybody!")
  

  Alternate Way for Data Entry

  An alternate way to enter data into a input fields is to use enter or pressKeys. Although both of enter and pressKeys send characters to the active element, pressKeys can be used on any kind of element, whereas enter can only be used on text entry fields, which include:

  • textField
  • textArea
  • pwdField
  • emailField
  • searchField
  • telField
  • urlField

  Another difference is that enter will clear the text field or area before sending the characters, effectively replacing any currently existing text with the new text passed to enter. By contrast, pressKeys does not do any clearing—it just appends more characters to any existing text. You can backup with pressKeys, however, by sending explicit backspace characters, "\u0008".

  To use these commands, you must first click on the input field you are interested in to give it the focus. Here's an example:

  click on "q"
  enter("Cheese!")
  

  Here's a (contrived) example of using pressKeys with backspace to fix a typo:

  click on "q"              // q is the name or id of a text field or text area
  enter("Cheesey!")         // Oops, meant to say Cheese!
  pressKeys("\u0008\u0008") // Send two backspaces; now the value is Cheese
  pressKeys("!")            // Send the missing exclamation point; now the value is Cheese!
  

  Radio buttons

  Radio buttons work together in groups. For example, you could have a group of radio buttons, like this:

  <input type="radio" id="opt1" name="group1" value="Option 1"> Option 1</input>
  <input type="radio" id="opt2" name="group1" value="Option 2"> Option 2</input>
  <input type="radio" id="opt3" name="group1" value="Option 3"> Option 3</input>
  

  You can select an option in either of two ways:

  radioButtonGroup("group1").value = "Option 2"
  radioButtonGroup("group1").selection = Some("Option 2")
  

  Likewise, you can read the currently selected value of a group of radio buttons in two ways:

  radioButtonGroup("group1").value should be ("Option 2")
  radioButtonGroup("group1").selection should be (Some("Option 2"))
  

  If the radio button has no selection at all, selection will return None whereas value will throw a TestFailedException. By using value, you are indicating you expect a selection, and if there isn't a selection that should result in a failed test.

  If you would like to work with RadioButton element directly, you can select it by calling radioButton:

  click on radioButton("opt1")
  

  you can check if an option is selected by calling isSelected:

  radioButton("opt1").isSelected should be (true)
  

  to get the value of radio button, you can call value:

  radioButton("opt1").value should be ("Option 1")
  

  Checkboxes

  A checkbox in one of two states: selected or cleared. Here's how you select a checkbox:

  checkbox("cbx1").select()
  

  And here's how you'd clear one:

  checkbox("cbx1").clear()
  

  You can access the current state of a checkbox with isSelected:

  checkbox("cbx1").isSelected should be (true)
  

  Single-selection dropdown lists

  Given the following single-selection dropdown list:

  <select id="select1">
   <option value="option1">Option 1</option>
   <option value="option2">Option 2</option>
   <option value="option3">Option 3</option>
  </select>
  

  You could select Option 2 in either of two ways:

  singleSel("select1").value = "option2"
  singleSel("select1").selection = Some("option2")
  

  To clear the selection, either invoke clear or set selection to None:

  singleSel("select1").clear()
  singleSel("select1").selection = None
  

  You can read the currently selected value of a single-selection list in the same manner as radio buttons:

  singleSel("select1").value should be ("option2")
  singleSel("select1").selection should be (Some("option2"))
  

  If the single-selection list has no selection at all, selection will return None whereas value will throw a TestFailedException. By using value, you are indicating you expect a selection, and if there isn't a selection that should result in a failed test.

  Multiple-selection lists

  Given the following multiple-selection list:

  <select name="select2" multiple="multiple">
   <option value="option4">Option 4</option>
   <option value="option5">Option 5</option>
   <option value="option6">Option 6</option>
  </select>
  

  You could select Option 5 and Option 6 like this:

  multiSel("select2").values = Seq("option5", "option6")
  

  The previous command would essentially clear all selections first, then select Option 5 and Option 6. If instead you want to not clear any existing selection, just additionally select Option 5 and Option 6, you can use the += operator, like this.

  multiSel("select2").values += "option5"
  multiSel("select2").values += "option6"
  

  To clear a specific option, pass its name to clear:

  multiSel("select2").clear("option5")
  

  To clear all selections, call clearAll:

  multiSel("select2").clearAll()
  

  You can access the current selections with values, which returns an immutable IndexedSeq[String]:

  multiSel("select2").values should have size 2
  multiSel("select2").values(0) should be ("option5")
  multiSel("select2").values(1) should be ("option6")
  

  Clicking and submitting

  You can click on any element with “click on” as shown previously:

  click on "aButton"
  click on name("aTextField")
  

  If the requested element is not found, click on will throw an exception, failing the test.

  Clicking on a input element will give it the focus. If current focus is in on an input element within a form, you can submit the form by calling submit:

  submit()
  

  Switching

  You can switch to a popup alert bo using the following code:

  switch to alertBox
  

  to switch to a frame, you could:

  switch to frame(0) // switch by index
  switch to frame("name") // switch by name
  

  If you have reference to a window handle (can be obtained from calling windowHandle/windowHandles), you can switch to a particular window by:

  switch to window(windowHandle)
  

  You can also switch to active element and default content:

  switch to activeElement
  switch to defaultContent
  

  Navigation history

  In real web browser, you can press the 'Back' button to go back to previous page. To emulate that action in your test, you can call goBack:

  goBack()
  

  To emulate the 'Forward' button, you can call:

  goForward()
  

  And to refresh or reload the current page, you can call:

  reloadPage()
  

  Cookies!

  To create a new cookie, you'll say:

  add cookie ("cookie_name", "cookie_value")
  

  to read a cookie value, you do:

  cookie("cookie_name").value should be ("cookie_value") // If value is undefined, throws TFE right then and there. Never returns null.
  

  In addition to the common use of name-value cookie, you can pass these extra fields when creating the cookie, available ways are:

  cookie(name: String, value: String)
  cookie(name: String, value: String, path: String)
  cookie(name: String, value: String, path: String, expiry: Date)
  cookie(name: String, value: String, path: String, expiry: Date, domain: String)
  cookie(name: String, value: String, path: String, expiry: Date, domain: String, secure: Boolean)
  

  and to read those extra fields:

  cookie("cookie_name").value   // Read cookie's value
  cookie("cookie_name").path    // Read cookie's path
  cookie("cookie_name").expiry  // Read cookie's expiry
  cookie("cookie_name").domain  // Read cookie's domain
  cookie("cookie_name").isSecure  // Read cookie's isSecure flag
  

  In order to delete a cookie, you could use the following code:

  delete cookie "cookie_name"
  

  or to delete all cookies in the same domain:-

  delete all cookies
  

  To get the underlying Selenium cookie, you can use underlying:

  cookie("cookie_name").underlying.validate()  // call the validate() method on underlying Selenium cookie
  

  Other useful element properties

  All element types (textField, textArea, radioButton, checkbox, singleSel, multiSel) support the following useful properties:

  Method	Description
  location	The XY location of the top-left corner of this Element.
  size	The width/height size of this Element.
  isDisplayed	Indicates whether this Element is displayed.
  isEnabled	Indicates whether this Element is enabled.
  isSelected	Indicates whether this Element is selected.
  tagName	The tag name of this element.
  underlying	The underlying WebElement wrapped by this Element.
  attribute(name: String)	The attribute value of the given attribute name of this element, wrapped in a Some, or None if no such attribute exists on this Element.
  text	Returns the visible (i.e., not hidden by CSS) text of this element, including sub-elements, without any leading or trailing whitespace.

  Implicit wait

  To set Selenium's implicit wait timeout, you can call the implicitlyWait method:

  implicitlyWait(Span(10, Seconds))
  

  Invoking this method sets the amount of time the driver will wait when searching for an element that is not immediately present. For more information, see the documentation for method implicitlyWait.

  Page source and current URL

  It is possible to get the html source of currently loaded page, using:

  pageSource
  

  and if needed, get the current URL of currently loaded page:

  currentUrl
  

  Screen capture

  You can capture screen using the following code:

  val file = capture
  

  By default, the captured image file will be saved in temporary folder (returned by java.io.tmpdir property), with random file name ends with .png extension. You can specify a fixed file name:

  capture to "MyScreenShot.png"
  

  or

  capture to "MyScreenShot"
  

  Both will result in a same file name MyScreenShot.png.

  You can also change the target folder screenshot file is written to, by saying:

  setCaptureDir("/home/your_name/screenshots")
  

  If you want to capture a screenshot when something goes wrong (e.g. test failed), you can use withScreenshot:

  withScreenshot {
    assert("Gold" == "Silver", "Expected gold, but got silver")
  }
  

  In case the test code fails, you'll see the screenshot location appended to the error message, for example:

  Expected gold but got silver; screenshot capture in /tmp/AbCdEfGhIj.png
  

  Using the page object pattern

  If you use the page object pattern, mixing trait Page into your page classes will allow you to use the go to syntax with your page objects. Here's an example:

  class HomePage extends Page {
    val url = "http://localhost:9000/index.html"
  }
  
  val homePage = new HomePage
  go to homePage
  

  Executing JavaScript

  To execute arbitrary JavaScript, for example, to test some JavaScript functions on your page, pass it to executeScript:

  go to (host + "index.html")
  val result1 = executeScript("return document.title;")
  result1 should be ("Test Title")
  val result2 = executeScript("return 'Hello ' + arguments[0]", "ScalaTest")
  result2 should be ("Hello ScalaTest")
  

  To execute an asynchronous bit of JavaScript, pass it to executeAsyncScript. You can set the script timeout with setScriptTimeout:

  val script = """
    var callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
    window.setTimeout(function() {callback('Hello ScalaTest')}, 500);
  """
  setScriptTimeout(1 second)
  val result = executeAsyncScript(script)
  result should be ("Hello ScalaTest")
  

  Querying for elements

  You can query for arbitrary elements via find and findAll. The find method returns the first matching element, wrapped in a Some, or None if no element is found. The findAll method returns an immutable IndexedSeq of all matching elements. If no elements match the query, findAll returns an empty IndexedSeq. These methods allow you to perform rich queries using for expressions. Here are some examples:

  val ele: Option[Element] = find("q")
  
  val eles: colection.immutable.IndexedSeq[Element] = findAll(className("small"))
  for (e <- eles; if e.tagName != "input")
    e should be ('displayed)
  val textFields = eles filter { tf.isInstanceOf[TextField] }
  

  Cleaning up

  To close the current browser window, and exit the driver if the current window was the only one remaining, use close:

  close()
  

  To close all windows, and exit the driver, use quit:

  quit()
  

  Alternate forms

  Although statements like “delete all cookies” fit well with matcher statements like “title should be ("Cheese!")”, they do not fit as well with the simple method call form of assertions. If you prefer, you can avoid operator notation and instead use alternatives that take the form of plain-old method calls. Here's an example:

  goTo("http://www.google.com")
  clickOn("q")
  textField("q").value = "Cheese!"
  submit()
  // Google's search is rendered dynamically with JavaScript.
  eventually(assert(pageTitle === "Cheese! - Google Search"))
  

  Here's a table showing the complete list of alternatives:

  operator notation	method call
  go to (host + "index.html")	goTo(host + "index.html")
  click on "aButton"	clickOn("aButton")
  switch to activeElement	switchTo(activeElement)
  add cookie ("cookie_name", "cookie_value")	addCookie("cookie_name", "cookie_value")
  delete cookie "cookie_name"	deleteCookie("cookie_name")
  delete all cookies	deleteAllCookies()
  capture to "MyScreenShot"	captureTo("MyScreenShot")

  Definition Classes

  selenium

• ActiveElementTarget
• AlertTarget
• Checkbox
• ClassNameQuery
• ColorField
• CookiesNoun
• CssSelectorQuery
• DateField
• DateTimeField
• DateTimeLocalField
• DefaultContentTarget
• Dimension
• Element
• EmailField
• FrameElementTarget
• FrameIndexTarget
• FrameNameOrIdTarget
• FrameWebElementTarget
• IdQuery
• LinkTextQuery
• MonthField
• MultiSel
• MultiSelOptionSeq
• NameQuery
• NumberField
• PartialLinkTextQuery
• PasswordField
• Point
• Query
• RadioButton
• RadioButtonGroup
• RangeField
• SearchField
• SingleSel
• SwitchTarget
• TagNameQuery
• TelField
• TextArea
• TextField
• TimeField
• UrlField
• ValueElement
• WeekField
• WindowTarget
• WrappedCookie
• XPathQuery
• add
• capture
• click
• delete
• go
• switch

org.scalatestplus.selenium.WebBrowser

WrappedCookie